These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels (increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein), acne, high blood pressure, liver damage (mainly with most oral AAS), and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS. The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS, in the presence of adequate diet, can contribute to increases in body weight, often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals. Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists, the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone.ĪAS were synthesized in the 1930s, and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite, induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions, such as cancer and AIDS. The word anabolic, referring to anabolism, comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole, "that which is thrown up, mound". They increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles, and also have varying degrees of virilizing effects, including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair. Metabolically healthy obesity: Facts and fantasies.Chemical structure of the natural AAS testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one).Īnabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids ( AAS), are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone. Body mass index: Obesity, BMI, and health: A critical review. Body composition data for individuals 8 years of age and older: U.S. Body fat percentage - Are you at a healthy weight? (n.d.).Body composition information and FAQ's sheet. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. We link primary sources - including studies, scientific references, and statistics - within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. However, this method does still provide a quick and useful clinical tool to assess health risks. Having a high body fat percentage or BMI does not always lead to health problems. There are many limitations to BMI and measuring body fat. For example, fat around the abdomen has higher health risks than fat in other areas. The location of body fat is also relevant to overall health. For example, the BMI of a person with high bone density and muscle mass may indicate they have high body fat.Īlso, BMI cannot assess where fat is in the body. These factors are relevant to overall health and assessing body fat. It makes no distinction between lean muscle, body fat percentage, and bone mass. Using BMI to assess body fat or overall health is another issue. This suggests there may be cultural or racial bias with body fat percentage ideals. These differences raise concerns about whether or not ideal body fat percentages are realistic.Īverage body fat percentages also vary across race and ethnicity. Even healthy people can have unusually high body fat. Assessments of body fat consistently show that people have higher body fat percentages than official guidelines recommend.
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